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START readme
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## General
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+ Contact(s):
J.A. (Janine) de Wit, janine.de.wit@kwrwater.nl, ORCID: 0000-0002-4011-1130, 
KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands 

M.H.J. (Marjolein) van Huijgevoort, marjolein.van.huijgevoort@kwrwater.nl, ORCID: 0000-0002-9781-6852,
KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

G.A.P.H. (Gé) van den Eertwegh, eertwegh@knowh2o.nl, 
KnowH2O, Berg en Dal, The Netherlands

D. (Dion) van Deijl, deijl@knowh2o.nl
KnowH2O, Berg en Dal, The Netherlands

S.F. (Sija) Stofberg, sija.stofberg@kwrwater.nl, ORCID: 0000-0002-0390-1934,
KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands

R.P. (Ruud) Bartholomeus, ruud.bartholomeus@kwrwater.nl, ORCID: 0000-0001-8440-0295,
KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands 

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## Title of the dataset
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"Data underlying the publication: Hydrological consequences of controlled drainage with subirrigation"

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## Related publications
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J.A. (Janine) de Wit, M.H.J. (Marjolein) van Huijgevoort, J.C. (Jos) van Dam, G.A.P.H. (Gé) van den Eertwegh, D. (Dion) van Deijl, and R.P. (Ruud) Bartholomeus. (2023). 
Hydrological consequences of controlled drainage with subirrigation 
DOI: under review

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## Categories
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Land and Water Management, Environmental Sciences, Earth Sciences, Environment

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## Keywords
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Controlled drainage, subsurface drainage, subirrigation, SWAP, modelling, field experiments, sandy soils, the Netherlands, 2015-2023

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## Temporal coverage
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2015-2023

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## Spatial coverage
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Sandy Pleistocene uplands in the Netherlands

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## Methods
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# Introduction
Controlled drainage with subirrigation (CD-SI) could be a viable measure to i) retain, ii) recharge, and iii) discharge recharge fresh water in agricultural fields.
Four field CD-SI pilots with varying geohydrological conditions in the sandy Pleistocene uplands in the Netherlands were monitored (minimum 5 years) to study the effects on groundwater level, soil moisture content and soil water potential.
Measurements include time series of groundwater level, soil moisture content, ditch level and CD-SI crest level, pit levels, and water supply.
Field data were used for dynamic modelling with the agro-hydrological model Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant (SWAP). Calibrated SWAP models were used to i) model CD-SI systems dynamically and ii) model the hydrological consequences of subirrigation.

Field measurements on four experimental plots showed that the water supply by to CD-SI systems can be high (ranging between roughly 500 mm to 1000 mm in the field sites), 
but CD-SI systems are able to raises the groundwater level such that soil water availability for crops increases. Furthermore, this study showed that CD-SI systems alter the hydrological fluxes significantly. 
Comparison of the four experimental fields also showed that a resistance to downward flow is needed to reduce downward seepage losses. 
Excessive downward seepage, or drainage losses towards surface water, increase the required water supply. 
However, unnecessary ditch drainage losses can be avoided by adapting the surface water level to the groundwater level.

The data of these field experiments are required to understand the real-world situation better, leading to better models in terms of schematization, processes modelled, and model parameter values. 
This study showed that field pilots varying in geohydrological conditions could be modelled acceptably well with using SWAP.
Both the required water supply and the water level in the control pit of the CD-SI system were simulated dynamically, which is a key element in understanding the functioning of CD-SI systems.
The process-based model results lead to insight in the water balance components, also those components that cannot be (easily) measured in the field, and for in (extreme dry or wet) meteorological conditions that were not part of the experimental periods.
Based on this research a number of recommendations are given to improve the implementation and operation of CD-SI systems.

# Measurements and data collection
+ Field site - (geohydrological) characteristics
Field site, location (town, coordinates), field area, average field height (m+mean sea level (MSL)),ditch level-winter,ditch level-summer (m-soil surface (ss)), Crop growth,soil, time period measurements
	- Site A, America (51º27’N, 5º57’E), 3.77 ha, 30.94 m+MSL (experimental field), 30.94 m+SML (reference field), 1.60 m-ss, 1.50 m-ss, Grass (2017-2019)-Carrot (2020)-Grass (2021 – 2022), Sand + loam > 2-2.5 m-ss, 2017-2022
	- Site B, Stegeren (52º54’N, 6º51’E), 2.50 ha, 7.35 m+MSL (experimental field), 6.97 m+MSL (reference field), 1.20 m-ss, 0.85 m-ss, Grass (2018-2022), Sand + no loam, 2018-2022
	- Site C, Lieshout (51º52’N, 5º62’E), 8.50 ha, 16.55 m+MSL, 3.80 m-ss, 3.50 m-ss, Grass (2015-2020), Sand + loamy layers > 1-1.5m-ss, 2015-2020
	- Site D, Haaksbergen (52º18’N, 6º71’E), 5.85 ha, 20.76 m+MSL, 1.70 m-ss, 1.70 m-ss, Maize (2016-2020)-Grass (2021-2022), Sand + Loamy layers > 3m-ss, 2016-2020

+ Water supply
Source of water supply is groundwater (site A), surface water (site B), industrial effluent (site C), and wastewater treatment plant effluent (site D).
Water supply is daily measured at 23H59 through:
	- Site A: flow in is measured with a ZENNER PN16 - Qn 6 BH (2017-2020) and a KAMSTRUP flowIQ® 3100 meter (2021-2022). No flow out measurements.
	- Site B: flow in is measured with one KAMSTRUP flowIQ® 3100 meter (2018/06-08-2020) + two KAMSTRUP flowIQ® 3100 meter (06-08-2020/2022). Flow out measurements with KAMSTRUP flowIQ® 3100 meter.
	- Site C: flow in is measured at the inlet of the industrial effluent inlet. No flow out measurements.
	- Site D: flow in is measured with KAMSTRUP flowIQ® 3100 meter. No flow out measurements. Note: cumulative values have been converted to daily values.

+ Water level measurements
Water levels have been measured as hydraulic head in shallow groundwater and in deeper groundwater.
All measurements are on 15-minutes base.
All shallow groundwater levels and hydraulic heads are measured with CTD-10 METERsensor (except for Site C, sub-deep). Site C, sub-deep is measured with KELLER DCX-22 sensor.
Control pit IN: site A = KELLER DCX-22, site B = CTD-10, site C = KELLER DCX-22, site D = no control pit IN measurements.
Control pit OUT: site A = KELLER DCX-22 and CTD-10, site B = CTD-10, site C = KELLER DCX-22, site D = KELLER DCX-22
Ditch level: site A = CTD-10, site B = CTD-10, site C = KELLER DCX-22, site D = KELLER DCX-22
Crest level: site A = no crest measurements, site B = TMX TCI-S1, site C = no crest measurements, site D = TMX TCI-S1
Piezometers are installed with filters at depths:
	- Site A: drain-shallow: 1.26 m-ss to 1.76 m-ss, between drains-shallow: 1.27 m-ss to 1.77 m-ss, sub-deep: 3.23 m-ss to 4.23 m-ss, ref-shallow: 0.72 m-ss to 1.72 m-ss, ref-deep: 4.10 m-ss to 5.10 m-ss
	- Site B: drain-shallow: 1.20 m-ss to 2.20 m-ss, between drains-shallow: 1.10 m-ss to 2.10 m-ss, ref-shallow: 2.17 m-ss to 3.17 m-ss, ref-deep: 3.52 m-ss to 4.32 m-ss
	- Site C: drain-shallow: 1.91 m-ss to 2.91 m-ss, between drains-shallow: 1.91 m-ss to 2.91 m-ss, sub-deep: 9.39 m-ss to 10.39 m-ss
	- Site D: drain-shallow: 1.70 m-ss to 2.70 m-ss, between drains-shallow: 1.70 m-ss to 2.70 m-ss, sub-deep: 8.77 m-ss to 9.77 m-ss
All water levels are also manually measured. The automatic measured water levels are validated with the hand measurements.

+ Soil moisture content
Soil moisture content is measured with the 5TE sensor (site A, B, D) and ECH20 EC-5 sensor (site C) from METER on 15 minutes base.
Soil moisture content is measured at 20 cm-ss, 40 cm-ss, 60 cm-ss (site A, B, C) and 10 cm-ss, 50 cm-ss, 80 cm-ss (site D).

+ Soil water potential
Soil moisture potential is measured with the TEROS-21 sensor (site A) from METER on 15 minutes base.
Soil moisture potential is measured at 20 cm-ss, 40 cm-ss, 60 cm-ss (site A).

+ Processing and analysis scripts
All measurements are checked on reliability. The following criteria are used to remove measurements:
- All measurements from the first day of installation are removed due to stabilizing of the sensor.
- field site A: theta.depth1.MDR < 0.13 or theta.depth1.MDR > 0.42 = NA, theta.depth3.MDR > 0.42 = NA, theta.depth1.DR < 0.06 or theta.depth1.DR > 0.40 = NA, theta.depth2.DR < 0.04 or theta.depth2.DR > 0.43 = NA, theta.depth3.DR > 0.46 = NA.
- field site B-sub: pitMSL.in > 7.7 = NA, pitMSL.out < 5.95 = NA, ditchMSL > 7.7 = NA, gwlphrMSL.MDR.sub < 6.0 or gwlphrMSL.MDR.sub > 7.1 = NA, gwlphrMSL.DR.sub < 6.0 = NA, theta.depth2.MDR.sub < 0.17 = NA, theta.depth1.DR.sub < 0.33 = NA, theta.depth2.DR.sub < 0.33 = NA, theta.depth3.DR.sub < 0.17 = NA. 
- field site B-REF: gwlphrMSL.REF < 5.93 = NA, gwldeepMSL.REF < 5.93 = NA, theta.depth1.REF < 0.01 or theta.depth1.REF > 0.40 = NA, theta.depth2.REF < 0.20 = NA, theta.depth3.REF < 0.01 = NA.
- field site C: theta.depth1.MDR.sub < 0.10 = NA, theta.depth2.MDR.sub > 0.50 = NA, theta.depth1.DR.sub < 0.10 = NA, theta.depth2.DR.sub > 0.50 = NA.
- field site D: pitMSL.OUT < 19.0 = NA, gwlphrMSL.DR.sub < 19.0 = NA, gwlphrMSL.MDR.sub < 19.22 = NA, theta.depth2.MDR.sub < 0.10 = NA, theta.depth3.MDR.sub < 0.13 = NA.
    
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## Software
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+ LogView HCW version 16.0.28315.86 to read KAMSTRUP flowIQ® 3100 meter 
+ Kamstrup USB Driver version 1.1.1.145 to read KAMSTRUP flowIQ® 3100 meter 
+ LOGGER_5 KELLER SOFTWARE version 5.3 to read KELLER DCX-22 sensor
+ ZENTRA Utility.Ink version 1.18.0 to read CTD-10 sensors
+ R-4.0.3 for processing and analysis data
+ Rstudio 2023.03.0+386 for processing and analysis data
+ Rtools4.0 for processing and analysis data
+ Python 3.8.10 for processing and analysis data
+ Microsoft 365 Excel version 2304 for processing and analysis data

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## FileFormats
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.csv; .txt

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## CodeBook
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Please view codebook.csv (where this readme file is also found) for documentation of abbreviations, 
column names, datapoints, etc. The file codebook.csv uses the columns:

+ index = a number used to distinguish the different entries.
+ code = the abbreviation used for the column names.
+ used = location where the code is used.
+ meaning = the literal meaning of the code.
+ represents = what the code represents in terms of data and the units of the measurements.
+ site A - measurement = measurement is applied at Site A ('yes' or 'no').
+ site B - measurement = measurement is applied at Site B ('yes' or 'no').
+ site C - measurement = measurement is applied at Site C ('yes' or 'no').
+ site D - measurement = measurement is applied at Site D ('yes' or 'no').

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## License
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This dataset is published under the CC BY (Attribution) license.
This license allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator.

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END readme
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